<b>HRAC Group 22</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy D) </font> resistant Solanum ptycanthum from Canada, Ontario

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 22 (LEGACY D) RESISTANT EASTERN BLACK NIGHTSHADE
(Solanum ptycanthum)

PS I Electron Diversion HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Canada, Ontario

INTRODUCTION		EASTERN BLACK NIGHTSHADE
Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) is a dicot weed in the Solanaceae family. In Ontario this weed first evolved resistance to Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides in 2009 and infests Blueberries. Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides are known as PS I Electron Diversion (PSI Electron Diversion ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to paraquat and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Jul 26, 2012 )
Common Name	Eastern Black Nightshade
Species	Solanum ptycanthum
Group	PS I Electron Diversion HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
Herbicides	paraquat
Location	Canada, Ontario
Year	2009
Situation(s)	Blueberries
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Kristen Obeid, and Francois Tardif
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Francois Tardif

Gramoxone Resistant Eastern Black Nightshade Confirmed in Ontario September 2010.

Kristen Callow (Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs) François Tardif, Peter Smith. (Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph)

Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptychanthum), was confirmed to be resistant to group 22 herbicides (bipyridiliums), specifically Gramoxone (paraquat) in Chatham-Kent recently. The total area infested is not known at this time; however, the resistant weed was found in a perennial horticultural cropping system.

Eastern black nightshade is a dicot weed in the Solanaceae family. In Ontario, this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 herbicides in 2000 in corn and soybeans. Imidazolinone (Pursuit) resistant populations exist in many counties. Cross-resistance to other Group 2 herbicides is likely to exist. Source: www.ontarioweeds.com. Gramoxone (paraquat) resistance is of particular concern to Ontario producers, due to the reliance of this product in perennial horticultural production systems. There have been no known cases of paraquat resistant Eastern black nightshade anywhere else in the world (International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds http://www.weedscience.org/In.asp).

Eastern black nightshade is known to be a hard to control annual weed. In perennial horticultural cropping systems, post spot or hooded sprayer applications of glyphosate, Ignite (glufosinate-ammonium) and Gramoxone (paraquat) are usually effective if done before the nightshade gets too big. Chateau (flumioxazin) and Aim (carfentrazone-ethyl) are two newer herbicides (both Group 14 - PPO inhibitors) that have shown good control of Eastern black nightshade. Chateau should be applied prior to weed emergence, whereas Aim should be applied as a post application.

As a general rule, rotating between herbicide groups or mode of actions is essential to prevent resistance development.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Eastern Black Nightshade biotype with this Eastern Black Nightshade biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 22 resistant Eastern Black Nightshade have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 22 (Legacy D) resistant Eastern Black Nightshade from Ontario please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

KRISTEN OBEID

Weed Management Program Lead - Horticulture Ontario Ministry Of Agriculture Food & Rural Affairs RR #2, 2585 County Rd. 20 Harrow, N0R 1G0, Ontario Canada Email Kristen Obeid Web : Web Site Link

FRANCOIS TARDIF

Associate Professor University Of Guelph Department Of Plant Agriculture 2055 Radatz Ave Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario Canada Email Francois Tardif Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Ontario have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Kristen Obeid, and Francois Tardif for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Eastern Black Nightshade Globally
(Solanum ptycanthum)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Canada (Ontario)

2000

Corn (maize), and Soybean

flumetsulam, imazamox, imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, prosulfuron, and rimsulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Canada (Ontario)

2009

Blueberries

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

United States (Wisconsin)

1999

Soybean

imazamox, and imazethapyr

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (North Dakota)

1999

Soybean

imazamox, and imazethapyr

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Illinois)

1999

Soybean

imazamox, and imazethapyr

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Michigan)

2004

Blueberries

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Volenberg, D. S. ; Tranel, P. J. ; Holt, J. F. ; Simmons, F. W. ; Weller, S. C. ; Sharkhuu, A. ; Riechers, D. E.. 2007. Assessment of two biotypes of Solanum ptycanthum that differ in resistance levels to imazamox. Weed Research (Oxford) 47 : 353 - 363.

Glasshouse and laboratory experiments were conducted on acetolactate synthase (ALS) homozygous resistant Solanum ptycanthum biotypes from Illinois (IL-R) and Indiana (IN-R), and homozygous susceptible biotypes from Illinois (IL-S) and Indiana (IN-S). Genetic similarity of biotypes was assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, which determined that the Illinois biotypes are more similar to each other than to the IN-R biotype. ALS enzyme activity from the IL-R and IN-R biotypes had I₅₀ values of 362 and 352 µM imazamox respectively. Dose-response experiments using three- to four-leaf-stage plants of the IL-R and IN-R biotypes had GR₅₀ values of 242 and 69 g ae ha^-1 imazamox respectively. Whole-plant and ALS enzyme results are different than previously reported values in the literature, which was attributed in the current study to the original IN-R population having individuals that were segregating for ALS resistance. Metabolism studies showed no difference in percentage [¹⁴C]imazamox remaining between the IL-R and IN-R biotypes up to 72 h after treatment. The IL-S biotype metabolised [¹⁴C]imazamox approximately two times faster than the IL-R and IN-R biotypes and this trait was heritable. Response of F₃ plants containing homozygous ALS-resistant alleles from the IL-R biotype in a genetic background of 50% Illinois and 50% Indiana biotypes suggests that genetic factors other than an altered target site or metabolism may also contribute to the magnitude of resistance at the whole-plant level in resistant biotypes..

Rich, A. M. ; Renner, K. A.. 2007. Row spacing and seeding rate effects on eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) and soybean. Weed Technology 21 : 124 - 130.

Reducing sowing rates in 19- or 76-cm row soyabean below the optimum rate may reduce soyabean competitiveness with weeds, and indirectly increase production costs to the grower. Field studies in 2001 and 2002 evaluated the effect of soyabean sowing rate and row spacing on the emergence, growth, and competitiveness of eastern black nightshade (EBN; Solanum ptycanthum) in soyabean. EBN emergence ceased within 45 days after planting (DAP), and was similar across soyabean sowing rates and row spacing. EBN control by glyphosate was not affected by soyabean population or row spacing. Soyabean planted in 19-cm rows was more competitive with EBN, regardless of sowing rate. Increasing the soyabean sowing rate in 76-cm rows from 185 000 to 432 000 seeds/ha reduced EBN dry weight 3-fold at East Lansing and nearly 2-fold at Clarksville, Michigan, USA, in 2002. There was no increase in EBN density or dry weight in 19-cm row soyabean planted at 308 000 seeds/ha compared with 556 000 seeds/ha, whereas a sowing rate of 432 000 seeds/ha in 76-cm row soyabean did not suppress EBN dry weight or increase soyabean yield in the presence of EBN compared with a seeding rate of 308 000 seeds/ha..

Scursoni, J. A. ; Forcella, F. ; Gunsolus, J.. 2007. Weed escapes and delayed weed emergence in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Crop Protection 26 : 212 - 218.

During 2001 and 2002, field experiments were conducted in soybean crops at four Minnesota locations with the aim of studying the effects of different glyphosate treatments (one-pass glyphosate, two-pass glyphosate) on weed control and weed community composition by focusing on the identity and abundance of weeds that escaped from different treatments. In addition, seedling emergence patterns of different weeds were studied to identify the influence of delayed emergence on weed escapes. Overall, 10 species were recorded as weed escapes and Chenopodium album L. and Solanum ptycanthum Dunal were present at all locations. Late weed emergence was the main reason of weed escapes with one-pass glyphosate. C. album showed a long period of emergence, thereby allowing the late-emerging cohorts to avoid contact with the herbicide. S. ptycanthum emerged late and therefore its entire seedling population escaped glyphosate treatment. These weeds showed a robust relation fecundity (seeds/m²) and plant ground cover. C. album ground cover of 0.1% may produce around 500 seeds/m²..

Jamshid Ashigh ; Tardif, F. J.. 2006. ALS-inhibitor resistance in populations of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) from Ontario. Weed Technology 20 : 308 - 314.

Populations of eastern black nightshade (S. ptycanthum) suspected of being resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors have been reported since 1999 in different locations in Ontario, Canada. This event has threatened the use of ALS inhibitors for control of this species. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the spectrum of resistance to different ALS-inhibiting herbicides and to examine the effectiveness of alternative modes of action herbicides. Growth room experiments were conducted to determine the response to imazethapyr and atrazine in seven suspected ALS inhibitor-resistant populations. One resistant and one susceptible population were further characterized for their response to ALS inhibitors and chloroacetamides. Seven populations were able to survive imazethapyr at 100 g a.i./ha, while there was no resistance to atrazine. Compared to a susceptible (S) population, resistant (R) population SOLPT 1 had 726-, 31-, 6-, and 4-fold resistance to post-emergence applied imazethapyr, imazamox, primisulfuron, and flumetsulam, respectively. Pre-emergence (PRE) application of imazethapyr, flumetsulam, cloransulam, nicosulfuron, prosulfuron, and rimsulfuron did not provide control of the R population, whereas they totally controlled the S population. The chloroacetamide herbicides metolachlor, dimethenamid, and flufenacet all provided at least 90% control of both R and S populations when applied PRE at the recommended field rates. The ALS inhibitors will not provide adequate control of these resistant populations, but acceptable control could be achieved with chloroacetamides or with atrazine..

Dalley, C. D. ; Kells, J. J. ; Renner, K. A.. 2004. Effect of glyphosate application timing and row spacing on corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) yields. Weed Technology 18 : 165 - 176.

Studies were carried out in 1998-2001 in Michigan, USA, to determine the effect of glyphosate application timing and row spacing (38 and 76 cm for glyphosate-resistant maize hybrid DK 493RR and 19, 38 and 76 cm for soyabean cv. 92B71) on the yield of these crops. Glyphosate was applied when average weed canopy height reached 5, 10, 15, 23, and 30 cm. The weeds present in these studies included velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca [S. pumila]), green foxtail (Setaria viridis), and eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum). Under highly competitive growing conditions (below normal rainfall and high weed density), maize yield was first reduced when weeds reached 10 and 15 cm in height with maize planted in 38- and 76-cm row widths, respectively. Under similar conditions, soyabean yield was first reduced when weeds reached 15 and 23 cm with soyabean planted in 19- and 38-cm row widths, respectively. Yield losses occurred only in the untreated control when soyabean was planted in 76-cm rows. When growing conditions were less competitive (adequate rainfall and lower weed density), yield losses occurred only when weeds reached 30 cm or more in maize and only in the untreated control in soyabean. Maize and soyabean yields were higher when planted in narrow rows in 3 of 4 years but were more susceptible to early-season weed interference than maize and soyabean in wide rows. Maize yield was affected more by weed interference than was soyabean yield. The product of weed height by weed density, as the independent variable, resulted in the best linear fit for both maize and soyabean yields. High weed densities increase the risk of yield loss and must be considered when determining the appropriate timing for total post-emergence herbicide applications such as glyphosate. Sequential glyphosate applications in maize did not increase yield..

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