<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Lindernia dubia (=Lindernia dubia var. major) from Japan

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT LOW FALSE-PIMPERNEL
(Lindernia dubia (=Lindernia dubia var. major))

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Japan, Yamagata, Miyagi

INTRODUCTION		LOW FALSE-PIMPERNEL
Low False-pimpernel (Lindernia dubia (=Lindernia dubia var. major)) is a dicot weed in the Scrophulariaceae family. In Japan this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 1995 and infests Rice. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to bensulfuron-methyl, and imazosulfuron and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Jan 11, 2014 )
Common Name	Low False-pimpernel
Species	Lindernia dubia (=Lindernia dubia var. major)
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	bensulfuron-methyl, and imazosulfuron
Location	Japan, Yamagata, Miyagi
Year	1995
Situation(s)	Rice
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Kazuyuki Itoh
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Kazuyuki Itoh

Northern Japan

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GENERAL

Kazuyuki Itoh

Itoh et al.1997.

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GENERAL

Kazuyuki Itoh

Uchino et al. 1997. Also now writing an English paper.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Low False-pimpernel biotype with this Low False-pimpernel biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Low False-pimpernel have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Low False-pimpernel from Japan please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

KAZUYUKI ITOH

Professor Kobe University Graduate School of Agricultural Science １-１ Rokkodaicho Kobe, 657-0013, Hyogo Japan Email Kazuyuki Itoh

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Japan have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Kazuyuki Itoh for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Low False-pimpernel Globally
(Lindernia dubia (=Lindernia dubia var. major))

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Japan

1995

Rice

bensulfuron-methyl, and imazosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

South Korea

2000

Rice

azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, cinosulfuron, cyclosulfamuron, ethoxysulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron, and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Uchino, A. ; Watanabe, H.. 2007. In vivo assay of acetolactate synthase in different tissues of different developmental stages in several paddy weeds, Lindernia spp. and Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus. Journal of Weed Science and Technology 52 : 11 - 16.

This experiment was conducted in Akita prefecture, Japan, in 2003, to determine the appropriate plant tissues for SU herbicide tolerant biotype test on Lindernia spp. and Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus. Various parts and developmental stages of the plants were examined to reveal the differences of ALS activity, and also the effects of added pyruvic acid were examined. Seeds of Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbas, L. dubia (L.) var. major Pennell, L. micrantha D.Don and Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus were collected from Daisen city, Akita prefecture, and the seeds of L. dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia were collected from Shizukuishi town, Iwate prefecture. The Lindernia spp. were grown in a temperature-controlled room of 25 °C with 15 hours artificial light per day, and Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus were grown outside. The samples taken were: the plants of 9th to 15th leaf stage (Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbas, L. dubia (L.) var. major Pennell and L. dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia); the plants of 9th to 12th leaf stage (L. micrantha D.Don); and 4 to 14 weeks old plants of Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus. All the samples were examined by using in vivo assay method. The results showed that the highest ALS activity values of Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbas, L. dubia (L.) var. major Pennell and L. dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia were found in cane tops regardless of their developmental stage. In L. micrantha D.Don, the cane top of 9th leaf stage showed a high ALS activity. In Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus, stable ALS activity was found in top part of mature scapes. The results also showed that adding pyruvic acid to treatment solution of SU herbicide tolerant biotype test stabilized the results..

Ohno, S. ; Yanagisawa, K. ; Hanai, R. ; Muraoka, T.. 2004. Shoot-regeneration method: a simplified method of evaluating sulfonylurea herbicide resistance. Journal of Weed Science and Technology 49 : 277 - 283.

A method of evaluating sulfonylurea herbicide (SU) resistance using surviving weeds after herbicide application in a paddy field was developed. Samples of Scirpus juncoides var. juncoides (height, 5-20 cm), Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea (3-7-leaf stage) and Lindernia dubia (height, 5-10 cm) were thoroughly rinsed in water. The shoots and roots were cut 2 cm above and below the base of the shoots, respectively. The cuttings were transplanted into pots filled with paddy soil. Bensulfuron-methyl at 7.5 g a.i./10a was applied 24 hours after transplanting. SU-susceptible biotype weeds exhibited little or no shoot regeneration, but SU-resistant biotype weeds exhibited vigorous shoot regeneration. The extent of regrowth of shoots was significantly different between SU-susceptible biotype and SU-resistant biotype weeds. Therefore, this evaluation method, named "shoot-regeneration method" can be used practically and efficiently in identifying SU-resistant biotype weeds in paddy fields..

Hamamura, K. ; Muraoka, T. ; Hashimoto, J. ; Tsuruya, A. ; Takahashi, H. ; Takeshita, T. ; Noritake, K.. 2003. Identification of sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of paddy field weeds using a novel method based on their rooting responses. Weed Biology and Management 3 : 242 - 246.

A methodology for the identification of sulfonylurea (SU)-resistant weed biotypes was evaluated using Scirpus juncoides, Lindernia dubia and Monochoria vaginalis biotypes from Japan (biotypes of the 3 weeds from Ushiku, Ibaraki Prefecture; S. juncoides biotypes from Taiwan, Miyagi Prefecture and Nakafurano, Hokkaido Prefecture; L. dubia biotypes from Kazo, Saitama Prefecture; and M. vaginalis biotypes from Kyowa, Akita Prefecture). The root and shoot bases of plants at the flowering stage were immersed in 1/20 Murashige and Skoog solution containing bensulfuron methyl [bensulfuron] (BSM; 0, 15, 45, 150 or 450 µg a.i./litre) and incubated at 20-30°C under light for 7-14 days. When the roots of plants in the control medium without BSM reached approximately 5 cm, the maximum root length was measured and the number of roots that grew to more than 2 cm were counted. In S. juncoides, 15-450 µg BSM/litre inhibited root elongation and the increase in the number of roots in the susceptible biotype from Ushiku. BSM at 15-150 µg/litre did not inhibit rooting in SU-resistant biotypes from Taiwa and Nakafurano. The response of L. dubia and M. vaginalis to BSM was similar to that of S. juncoides. The results indicated that resistant and susceptible biotypes may be distinguished based on rooting response to 150µg BSM/litre. Pretilachlor, bromobutide, daimuron and benzobicyclon (0.4-3.6, 0.4-3.6, 0.3-3.0 and 0.12-1.2 mg a.i./litre, respectively) were also evaluated for their effect on S. juncoides. Pretilachlor, bromobutide and daimuron inhibited root elongation and the increase in the number of roots in the susceptible and resistant biotypes. Benzobicyclon did not inhibit rooting..

Kuk YongIn ; Kwon OhDo ; Shin DongYoung ; Kwon ByungSun ; Jeong AnGie ; Im IlBin ; Guh JaOck. 2003. Germination and growth of sulfonylurea herbicide-susceptible and -resistant Monochoria vaginalis, Lindernia dubia and Rotala indica biotypes and rice yield loss by the resistant weeds. Korean Journal of Weed Science 23 : 143 - 152.

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted in Jeonnam, Korea during 2001 to compare the growth of sulfonylurea (SU)-resistant and -susceptible M. vaginalis, L. dubia and R. indica biotypes under noncompetitive conditions, and determine rice yield loss caused by the resistant weeds. Germination rates in petri dish were recorded for 6 days after sowing. Plant height, number of leaves, and aboveground biomass were measured periodically at 65 days after transplanting under noncompetitive conditions in the greenhouse. The yield and yield components of rice subjected to competition against resistant weeds were also investigated at harvest. The germination rates in SU-resistant M. vaginalis and R. indica biotypes were higher than in the SU-susceptible biotypes. However, the germination rates in L. dubia did not differ between the resistant and susceptible biotypes. The plant height, number of leaves, and aboveground biomass of SU-resistant and -susceptible M. vaginalis, L. dubia and R. indica biotypes did not significantly vary except for plant height in L. dubia under noncompetitive conditions. This indicates that the resistant biotypes are most likely as competitive as the susceptible biotypes. Rice yield was reduced by 65, 44 and 35% by resistant M. vaginalis, L. dubia and R. indica, respectively, that escaped the pyrazosulfuron-ethyl plus molinate compared with hand weeding in direct-sown rice culture. Rice yield loss was directly due to the number of panicles produced per plant and spikelets per panicle..

Miura, Y. ; Sakaiya, E.. 2002. Occurence of sulfonylurea-resistant biotype of weeds in paddy fields in Aomori prefecture. 1. Distribution of lindernia weeds. Tohoku Journal of Crop Science : 11 - 12.

Lindernia species were found to be resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides in Aomori prefecture (Japan) in 2001. Out of 39 samples, 38 showed resistance, including L. procumbens, L. dubia subsp. major, and L. dubia subsp. typica. The history of herbicide use during 1999-2001 was also analysed..

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