<b>HRAC Group 9</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy G) </font> resistant Urochloa panicoides from Australia, New South Wales

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 9 (LEGACY G) RESISTANT LIVERSEEDGRASS
(Urochloa panicoides)

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Australia, New South Wales

INTRODUCTION		LIVERSEEDGRASS
Liverseedgrass (Urochloa panicoides) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In New South Wales this weed first evolved resistance to Group 9 (Legacy G) herbicides in 2008 and infests Sorghum, and Wheat. Group 9 (Legacy G) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (Inhibition of EPSP synthase). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to glyphosate and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 9 (Legacy G) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Feb 03, 2015 )
Common Name	Liverseedgrass
Species	Urochloa panicoides
Group	Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
Herbicides	glyphosate
Location	Australia, New South Wales
Year	2008
Situation(s)	Sorghum, and Wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Peter Boutsalis, Christopher Preston, and Andrew Storrie
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Liverseedgrass biotype with this Liverseedgrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 9 resistant Liverseedgrass have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 9 (Legacy G) resistant Liverseedgrass from New South Wales please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

PETER BOUTSALIS

Postdoctural Fellow/ Consultant University Of Adelaide / Plant Science Consulting Plant And Pest Science 800 N Lindbergh Blvd 02G Adelaide, 5064, South Australia Australia Email Peter Boutsalis

CHRISTOPHER PRESTON

Postdoctural Fellow/ Consultant University Of Adelaide - Waite Campus Crc For Australian Weed Management And School Of Agriculture Box 2146 Adelaide, 5064, South Australia Australia Email Christopher Preston

ANDREW STORRIE

Principal Agronomo Crc For Australian Weed Management And School Of Agriculture Po Box 5444 Albany, 6332, Western Australia Australia Email Andrew Storrie Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in New South Wales have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Peter Boutsalis, Christopher Preston, and Andrew Storrie for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Liverseedgrass Globally
(Urochloa panicoides)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Argentina

2017

Corn (maize), and Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Australia (Queensland)

1996

Cropland

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Australia (New South Wales )

2008

Sorghum, and Wheat

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Widderick, M. J. ; McLean, A. R. ; Walker, S. R.. 2012. Non-chemical options for managing the seed bank of glyphosate resistant weeds. : 279 - 280.

Glyphosate resistance is becoming a common problem in farming systems of the subtropical cropping region of Australia. Glyphosateresistance has been confirmed in awnless barnyard grass (Echinochloa colona L. (Link)), liverseed grass (Urochloa panicoides P.Beauv.), flaxleaf fleabane (Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist), windmill grass (Chloris truncata R.Br.) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum (Gaud.)) (Preston 2012). As well, common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.) was identified at high risk of developing glyphosate resistance. To prevent further glyphosate resistance and to improve management of existing glyphosate resistant populations, alternative management tactics for these key weeds are required. This paper reports on the impact of different tillage and stubble treatments on emergence and persistence of awnless barnyard grass and common sowthistle in two experiments located in southern Darling Downs, Queensland..

Werth, J. ; Thornby, D. ; Walker, S.. 2011. Assessing weeds at risk of evolving glyphosate resistance in Australian sub-tropical glyphosate-resistant cotton systems. Crop & Pasture Science 62 : 1002 - 1009.

Glyphosate resistance will have a major impact on current cropping practices in glyphosate-resistant cotton systems. A framework for a risk assessment for weed species and management practices used in cropping systems with glyphosate-resistant cotton will aid decision making for resistance management. We developed this framework and then assessed the biological characteristics of 65 species and management practices from 50 cotton growers. This enabled us to predict the species most likely to evolve resistance, and the situations in which resistance is most likely to occur. Species with the highest resistance risk were Brachiaria eruciformis, Conyza bonariensis, Urochloa panicoides, Chloris virgata, Sonchus oleraceus and Echinochloa colona. The summer fallow and non-irrigated glyphosate-resistant cotton were the highest risk phases in the cropping system. When weed species and management practices were combined, C. bonariensis in summer fallow and other winter crops were at very high risk. S. oleraceus had very high risk in summer and winter fallow, as did C. virgata and E. colona in summer fallow. This study enables growers to identify potential resistance risks in the species present and management practices used on their farm, which will to facilitate a more targeted weed management approach to prevent development of glyphosate resistance..

Preston, C.. 2010. Managing glyphosate resistant weeds in Australia. : 250 - 253.

Glyphosate resistance has evolved in three grass weed species in Australia. By far the greatest problem is with Lolium rigidum Gaudin, but more recently resistant populations of Echinochloa colona (L.) Link and Urochloa panicoides P.Beauv. have been reported. Glyphosate resistance occurs in a wide range of situations including grain cropping, chemical fallows, in orchards, vineyards, along irrigation channels, along fence lines, railway rights of way and roadsides. Glyphosate resistance occurs where glyphosate has been intensively used, either once or many times per year, where no other effective herbicides are applied and where no other effective weed management is conducted. The rate and annual intensity of glyphosate use is not well correlated with the appearance of glyphosate resistance. Instead, the lack of other weed management practices is a better predictor of resistance. The Australian Glyphosate Sustainability Working Group (AGSWG) is a cross-industry group with the aim of identifying and disseminating key information and strategies for the management of glyphosate resistant weeds to all sectors in Australia. It provides information on confirmed cases of resistance, answers to glyphosate resistance issues and strategies for management of glyphosate resistance. By providing clear and consistent messages about glyphosate resistance across industry sectors it is hoped to reduce the incidence and impact of glyphosate-resistant weeds..

Werth, J. ; Preston, C. ; Roberts, G. ; Taylor, I.. 2004. Glyphosate resistance management in Roundup Ready® cotton. : 95 - 98.

Cotton is the first broad acre crop in Australia to have genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant cultivars commercially available. The introduction of glyphosate-tolerant cotton into Australian farming systems will have an effect on conventional weed management practices, the weed species present and the risks of resistance to glyphosate evolving in weeds. It is therefore important that the effects of these management practices, particularly a potential reduction in Integrated Weed Management (IWM) practices, be examined for their influence on weed population dynamics and resistance selection. The aim of this study was to develop a framework to assess the potential for glyphosate resistance evolution in Roundup Ready cotton systems. A survey of cotton growers was conducted in Queensland and New South Wales to assess weed populations, weed management strategies and herbicide use patterns in Roundup Ready compared to conventional crops. An investigation of the population dynamics of weeds, using barnyard grass (Echinochloa colona) and liverseed grass (Urochloa panicoides) as model weeds, and the impact of management practices on these weeds has started. The treatments consist of an IWM (including the use of herbicides, cultivation and hand-hoeing) approach with and without Roundup Ready technology, a half IWM approach with Roundup Ready, and utilizing Roundup Ready only. In conclusion, treatments with IWM components provided the most effective control of the grass weeds. However, Roundup Ready only treatment was also commercially acceptable, but still allowed a small number of grass weeds to survive. Studies are also underway to measure the effect of plant densities on growth and reproduction of barnyard grass and liverseed grass in terms of biomass and seed production both intra-specifically and inter-specifically with cotton. These experiments will provide information for the development of a model that will attempt to predict the likelihood of glyphosate resistance evolution over a range of management strategies, initially for grass species, and later for a range of weed species. This will facilitate the development of sustainable weed management practices in Roundup Ready cotton..

Walker, S. ; Osten, V. ; Storrie, A. ; Robinson, G. ; Cook, T. ; Galea, K.. 2002. Weeds at risk of developing herbicide resistance in the different cropping systems of the northern region. : 620 - 621.

Herbicide resistance is an increasing concern in the northern grain region with 10 weed species confirmed resistant in the last decade. A new project is identifying additional weeds and cropping systems that are at risk of developing resistance in the near future. This is being achieved by collating information and calculating a risk score for each main weed based on herbicide use patterns for the different crop rotations across the region. Several examples are presented for the main in-crop and fallow weeds of southern Queensland. The crop rotation of the northern region consisted of barley, chickpea, cotton, mung bean, oat, sorghum, sunflower and wheat. The main crops in southern Queensland were wheat (32%), sorghum (20%), cotton (13%), barley (11%) and chickpea (10%). Eighty-one weed species were identified in the southern Queensland surveys. Common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) was the most widespread weed n both crops and fallows. Turnip weed (Rapistrum rugosum), wild oats (Avena spp.), black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus), liverseed grass (Urochloa panicoides), barnyard grass (Echinochloa spp.), bladder ketma (Hibiscus trionum), pigweed (Portulaca oleracea) and caltrop (Tribulus terrestris) were similar in ranked importance in both crops and fallows. Risk assessments indicate that wild oats have a high risk for resistance to Group A herbicides, common sowthistle and black bindweed to Group B, and barnyard grass and common sowthistle to Group M herbicides..

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