<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Urtica urens from Australia, Victoria

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT BURNING NETTLE
(Urtica urens)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Australia, Victoria

INTRODUCTION		BURNING NETTLE
Burning Nettle (Urtica urens) is a dicot weed in the Urticaceae family. In Victoria this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 2002 and infests Vegetables. Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine, prometryne, and simazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Jul 23, 2003 )
Common Name	Burning Nettle
Species	Urtica urens
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	atrazine, prometryne, and simazine
Location	Australia, Victoria
Year	2002
Situation(s)	Vegetables
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Christopher Preston
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

FIELD HISTORIES

Christopher Preston

The resistance occurred in a celery crop after 26 years of prometryn use.

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MECHANISM

Christopher Preston

Target site resistance. This biotype has > 100 fold resistance to atrazine and simazine.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Burning Nettle biotype with this Burning Nettle biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Burning Nettle have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Burning Nettle from Victoria indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Burning Nettle from Victoria please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

CHRISTOPHER PRESTON

University Of Adelaide - Waite Campus Crc For Australian Weed Management And School Of Agriculture Box 2146 Adelaide, 5064, South Australia Australia Email Christopher Preston

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Victoria have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Christopher Preston for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Burning Nettle Globally
(Urtica urens)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Australia (Victoria)

2002

Vegetables

atrazine, prometryne, and simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Chivanov, V. D. ; Mishnev, A. K. ; Kravchenko, N. S. ; Kabanets, V. M. ; Sarbash, V. N. ; Onychko, T. A. ; Grebenik, L. I. ; Aksenov, S. A. ; Eremenko, I. A.. 1995. Studying herbicides of the sulphonyl-urea class and their metabolites using the method of time-of-flight plasma desorption mass-spectrometry with ionization by fission fragments of ²⁵²Cf (TOF-PDMS). Report 2. Potentialities of TOF-PDMS as a method of screening plant resistance. Agrokhimiya : 108 - 118.

In tests of a new method of rapid screening of plants differing in their specific sensitivity to sulphonylurea herbicides using ²⁵²TOF-PDMS, analyses were made of the dynamics of accumulation of enzymic-chemical destruction products and conjugates of metsulfuron-methyl with biomolecules in model systems comprising unpurified homogenates from leaves (biomatrices) of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), small nettle (Urtica urens), couch (Elytrigia repens [Elymus repens]) and wheat (cv. Akhtyrchanka) incubated with the herbicide. On the basis of this work, in terms of their resistance to the chemical, the plants were ranged in the order wheat>couch>>nettle and dandelion..

Himme, M. van ; Bulcke, R.. 1988. Control of triazine-resistant dicotyledonous weeds in nurseries. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 53 : 1261 - 1277.

This paper was presented at the 40th international symposium on crop protection. In trials in the Netherlands from 1982-87, triazine-resistant Senecio vulgaris was effectively controlled in nurseries of conifers, ornamental shrubs, forest trees, grafted apple trees and roses by 0.5 kg isoxaben/ha, 3-4 kg napropamide and 3 kg oxadiazon, applied in Feb. or 3 kg oxadiazon or 1 kg fomesafen applied in Mar. Some regrowth and germination occurred after Mar. applications of 2.5-3 kg metazachlor and 2.5-3 kg chlorotoluron. Napropamide, isoxaben, oxadiazon and fomesafen performed best against Amaranthus spp. and oxadiazon, fomesafen and particularly metazachlor were the most effective against Epilobium ciliatum and Solanum nigrum. Isoxaben provided excellent control of Veronica spp., Lamium spp., Viola arvensis and Urtica urens, was good against S. nigrum but was ineffective against annual grasses. Fomesafen was too phytotoxic for the grafted apple trees and metazachlor and oxadiazon induced some growth redardation in apples and roses. The high persistance of napropamide and isoxaben may cause problems for succeeding crops. In container-grown ornamental conifers, 0.3-0.5 kg isoxaben, preferably combined with 1 kg propyzamide or 1.5-2 kg lenacil is recommended for control of Stellaria media and shows promise for control of Sagina procumbens, Cardamine hirsuta, and Peplis portula. The propyzamide mixture is recommended where Poa annua, Juncus bufonius and Marchantia polymorpha are expected..

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