<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Polygonum lapathifolium from Germany

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT PALE SMARTWEED
(Polygonum lapathifolium)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Germany

INTRODUCTION		PALE SMARTWEED
Pale Smartweed (Polygonum lapathifolium) is a dicot weed in the Polygonaceae family. In Germany this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1988 and infests Corn (maize). Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Pale Smartweed
Species	Polygonum lapathifolium
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	atrazine
Location	Germany
Year	1988
Situation(s)	Corn (maize)
Contributors - (Alphabetically)
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Kees-H (1988). The development of triazine-resistant annual weeds in Bavaria and experience with their control. Die Entwicklung triazinresistenter Samenunkrauter in Bayern und Erfahrungen mit deren Bekampfung. Gesunde-Pflanzen. 1988, 40: 10, 407-412, 414.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Pale Smartweed biotype with this Pale Smartweed biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Pale Smartweed have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Pale Smartweed from Germany please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Germany have been instrumental in providing you this information.

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Herbicide Resistant Pale Smartweed Globally
(Polygonum lapathifolium)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Canada (Manitoba)

2009

Wheat

thifensulfuron-methyl, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Canada (Alberta)

2014

Wheat

imazethapyr

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Czech Republic

1982

Railways

atrazine, cyanazine, lenacil, prometryne, terbuthylazine, and terbutryne

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

France

1979

Corn (maize), and Cropland

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Germany

1988

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Spain

1991

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Calha, Im; Rocha, F; Ruiz-Santaella, Jr; Cruz-Hipolito, He. 2008. Two decades of herbicide resistance in the Iberian Peninsula. Journal Of Plant Diseases And Protection : 79 - 84.

About 20 years ago the first case of herbicide resistance in the Iberian Peninsula was reported: Amaranthus spp. R to atrazine in Spanish orchards. Since then, herbicide resistance has evolved in many weed species. Changes on agricultural practices namely new tillage systems, new rotational programmes, combined with the increased use of herbicides led to the selection of weed biotypes resistant to a wide range of herbicides. Nowadays such a problem affects the most important crops of this Peninsula (maize, wheat, rice, citrus and olive orchards), a spectrum of 26 weed species (14 dicotyledonous and 12 monocotyledonous) with biotypes resistant to several herbicides, namely to ALS inhibitors (Alisma plantago-aquatica, Cyperus difformis, Conyza albida, Aster squamatus, Avena sterilis and Papaver rhoeas), to ACCase inhibitors (Lolium rigidum), to PS II inhibitors (Amaranthus albus, A. blitoides, A. cruentus, A. hybridus, A. retroflexus, Bromus tectorum, Chenopodium album, Conyza bonariensis, C. canadensis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Polygonum lapathifolium, Setaria faberi, S. glauca, S. verticillata, S. viridis and Solanum nigrum), to ureas and amides (B. tectorum and Alopecurus myosuroides), to synthetic auxins (E. crus-galli) and more recently to the herbicide glyphosate (C. bonariensis; L. rigidum and L. multiflorum). Diversity of resistance mechanisms responsible for resistance in this Region involved target site resistance, enhanced rates of herbicide metabolism and multiple resistance. This paper reviews the actual situation in Iberian Peninsula and gives a perspective of adequate strategies for weed management considering the resistance mechanism, the availability of alternative herbicides and other cultural practices.

Prado, R. de ; Plaza, G. ; Gasquez, G.. 2001. Use of resistant rape in the control of Alopecurus myosuroides and Polygonum lapathifolium resistant to different herbicides. : 149 - 154.

Genetically-modified crops with resistance to a wide range of herbicides can be used as a control strategy against herbicide-resistant weed biotypes. An assay was used to evaluate the use of bromoxynil, glufosinate and glyphosate on rape cultivars resistant to those herbicides, and the control of Alopecurus myosuroides and Polygonum lapathifolium resistant to diclofop-methyl and atrazine, respectively. Bromoxynil was observed to affect Polygonum lapathifolium, but not the rape plants or Alopecurus myosuroides. Glufosinate caused a reduction in the fresh weight of both weed species, but had no effect on rape. Treating the weeds with glyphosate caused similar effects to glufosinate treatment..

Prado, R. de ; Plaza, G. ; Gasquez, J.. 2000. Use of Roundup on rape varieties. Agricultura, Revista Agropecuaria 69 : 836 - 839.

The effects of Roundup (glyphosate), Colzor (tebutam + clomazone), Eloge (haloxyfop-ethyl) and mixtures of Roundup with Colzor and Eloge were evaluated with Roundup-resistant and susceptible varieties of rape and the weeds Alopecurus myosuroides and Polygonum lapathifolium. Control of A. myosuroides resistant to graminicides and of P. lapathifolium resistant to triazines was achieved using rape tolerant to Roundup..

Petunova, A. A.. 1995. Controlling weeds resistant to 2,4-D in Russian cereal crops. Resistant Pest Management 7 : .

Control of a variety of 2,4-D-resistant annual weed grasses and dicotyledon weeds using a range of other herbicides is briefly discussed. In trials in spring barley in the Ukraine in 1993 Satis [fluoroglycofen-ethyl + trisulfuron] resulted in 81-92, 56-70 and 71% control of Polygonum convolvulus [Fallopia convolvulus], P. lapatitifiol [P. lapathifolium] and Stellaria media and, in the Ural area, 47-61, 100 and 95-100% control of Galium aparine, Galeopsis speciosa and F. convolvulus. In Russia, Difesan [of unstated composition] treatment resulted in 98, 100, 100, 98 and 100% control of F. convolvulus, G. aparine, Lactuca tatarica, Chenopodium album and Cruciferae [Brassicaceae] in winter wheat..

Prado, R. de ; Romera, E. ; Menéndez, J.. 1995. Atrazine detoxification in Panicum dichotomiflorum and target site Polygonum lapathifolium. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 52 : 1 - 11.

Seeds of Panicum dichotomiflorum and resistant (R) Polygonum lapathifolium were collected from atrazine treated fields of maize near Lléida and Seville in Spain, resp. Seeds of wild-type plants of Panicum dichotomiflorum and susceptible (S) Polygonum lapathifolium were collected from adjacent fields that have never been treated with triazine herbicides. The R biotype of Polygonum lapathifolium was 35.5-fold more resistant to atrazine than the S biotype. The ED₅₀ values for the inhibition of shoot growth in Panicum dichotomiflorum, a species never adequately controlled by atrazine, were 3.2 and 2.3 kg a.i. ha^-1, resp., for plants grown from seeds harvested from untreated maize fields and from maize fields which had been repeatedly treated with atrazine. Intensity of chlorophyll fluorescence and fast fluorescence induction curves showed that atrazine inhibited whole-leaf photosynthesis in the S Polygonum lapathifolium biotype and in both Panicum dichotomiflorum biotypes. Panicum dichotomiflorum biotypes later recovered fluorescence activity, at a slightly faster rate in plants from the atrazine-treated fields. Electron transport in chloroplast thylakoids isolated from leaves of R Polygonum lapathifolium biotypes was 781-fold less sensitive to atrazine than in S biotypes, while thylakoids of both Panicum dichotomiflorum types were equally sensitive to atrazine. Both Polygonum lapathifolium types accumulated greater amounts of radio-labelled atrazine than both Panicum dichotomiflorum types after treatment via roots. Absorption and translocation were not different for any of the biotypes of either species. Both species partly metabolized atrazine via conjugation in leaf tissue within 24 h. However, the Panicum dichotomiflorum biotypes did so to a greater extent and more rapidly than Polygonum lapathifolium. The extent of conjugation was slightly but significantly higher in leaves of Panicum dichotomiflorum plants from atrazine-treated fields (91%) than in those from untreated fields (80%), and two different conjugates (glutathione- and cysteine-atrazine) were found. Thus, the atrazine-resistance mechanism in the Polygonum lapathifolium biotype is due to reduced affinity for atrazine at its target site, while the natural tolerance of Panicum dichotomiflorum is due to atrazine metabolism via glutathione and cysteine conjugation, which is slightly higher in plants from atrazine-treated fields..

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