<b>HRAC Group 4</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy O) </font> resistant Brassica rapa (=B. campestris) from Argentina

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 4 (LEGACY O) RESISTANT BIRDSRAPE MUSTARD
(Brassica rapa (=B. campestris))

Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Argentina, Azul District, Buenos Aires province

INTRODUCTION		BIRDSRAPE MUSTARD
Birdsrape Mustard (Brassica rapa (=B. campestris)) is a dicot weed in the Brassicaceae family. In Argentina this weed first evolved resistance to Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides in 2015 and infests Soybean, Wheat, and Winter barley. Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides are known as Auxin Mimics (Auxin Mimics ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to 2,4-D and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Nov 14, 2019 )
Common Name	Birdsrape Mustard
Species	Brassica rapa (=B. campestris)
Group	Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
Herbicides	2,4-D
Location	Argentina, Azul District, Buenos Aires province
Year	2015
Situation(s)	Soybean, Wheat, and Winter barley
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Ricardo Fernández, Victor Juan, Federico Roberto Nuñez Fre, and Horacio Saint-André
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Birdsrape Mustard biotype with this Birdsrape Mustard biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 4 resistant Birdsrape Mustard have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 4 (Legacy O) resistant Birdsrape Mustard from Argentina please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

RICARDO FERNÁNDEZ

Agricultural engineer Facultad de Agronomía - UNCPBA Cátedra de Terapéutica Vegetal Av. República de Italia Nº780 Azul, 7300, Buenos Aires Argentina Email Ricardo Fernández

VICTOR JUAN

Ing. Agr. M. Sci. Facultad de Agronomia Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Pcia de Bs As Rca de Italia 780 Azul, 7300, Buenos Aires Argentina Email Victor Juan

FEDERICO ROBERTO NUÑEZ FRE

Researcher Cátedra de Terapéutica Vegetal Facultad de Agronomía de Azul Av. Republica de Italia Nº780 Azul, 7300, Buenos Aires Argentina Email Federico Roberto Nuñez Fre Web : Web Site Link

HORACIO SAINT-ANDRÉ

Agricultural engineer Facultad de Agronomía - UNCPBA Terapéutica vegetal Av. República de Italia Nº780 Azul, 7300, Buenos Aires Argentina Email Horacio Saint-André Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Argentina have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Ricardo Fernández, Victor Juan, Federico Roberto Nuñez Fre, and Horacio Saint-André for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Birdsrape Mustard Globally
(Brassica rapa (=B. campestris))

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Argentina

2012

Soybean, and Wheat

diclosulam, glyphosate, imazapyr, and metsulfuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Argentina

2015

Soybean, Wheat, and Winter barley

2,4-D

Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Canada (Quebec)

1977

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Canada (Quebec)

2017

Corn (maize), and Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Mithila, J. ; Hall, J. C.. 2013. Transfer of auxinic herbicide resistance from Brassica kaber to Brassica juncea and Brassica rapa through embryo rescue. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 49 : 461 - 467.

Auxinic herbicides are widely used in agriculture to selectively control broadleaf weeds. Prolonged use of auxinic herbicides has resulted in the evolution of resistance to these herbicides in some biotypes of Brassica kaber (wild mustard), a common weed in agricultural crops. In this study, auxinic herbicide resistance from B. kaber was transferred to Brassica juncea and Brassica rapa, two commercially important Brassica crops, by traditional breeding coupled with in vitro embryo rescue. A high frequency of embryo regeneration and hybrid plant establishment was achieved. Transfer of auxinic herbicide resistance from B. kaber to the hybrids was assessed by whole-plant screening of hybrids with dicamba, a widely used auxinic herbicide. Furthermore, the hybrids were tested for fertility (both pollen and pistil) and their ability to produce backcross progeny. The auxinic herbicide-resistant trait was introgressed into B. juncea by backcross breeding. DNA ploidy of the hybrids as well as of the backcross progeny was estimated by flow cytometry. Creation of auxinic herbicide-resistant Brassica crops by non-transgenic approaches should facilitate effective weed control, encourage less tillage, provide herbicide rotation options, minimize occurrence of herbicide resistance, and increase acceptance of these crops..

Konagaya, K. ; Tsuda, M. ; Okuzaki, A. ; Ando, S. ; Tabei, Y.. 2013. Application of the acetolactate synthase gene as a cisgenic selectable marker for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). Plant Biotechnology 30 : 125 - 133.

Heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) has been recalcitrant to regeneration and transformation. In particular, there are few reports concerning Japanese cultivars. We evaluated the factors that inhibit Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in heading Chinese cabbage. Then, we investigated the effects of selectable markers using heading Chinese cabbage cv. Chihiri 70 and compared the effects with those in broccoli cv. Ryokurei (B. oleracea var. italica) as a control for an easily transformable Brassica species. To utilize a selectable marker derived from a host plant cisgene, we cloned a genomic DNA fragment containing regulatory and coding sequences of the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene from Chinese cabbage and mutagenized it to a herbicide resistant form. After transformation of Chinese cabbage and broccoli with this construct, transgenic plants were efficiently selected with the herbicide bispyribac sodium salt and screened by DNA gel blot analysis. The average transformation frequency of Chinese cabbage was 1.2±0.2%, which was similar to those in reports using antibiotic selectable markers and was lower than for broccoli (13.9±2.0%). Furthermore, the escape rate was restricted at a low level (about 35-50% lower than hygromycin selection), which is an advantage on practical transformation. We confirmed transgene inheritance and herbicide resistance of potted plants in the T₁ generation. This report is the first to describe a selection system for the transformation of a Brassica crop that uses a herbicide-tolerant selectable marker derived from a cisgene..

Collier, M. J. ; Mullins, E.. 2012. Assessing the impact of pollen-mediated gene flow from GM herbicide tolerant Brassica napus into common wild relatives in Ireland. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section B 112B : 257 - 266.

Although now we have had many years of research completed on assessing the potential environmental impact of GM crops, concern remains over their potential impact on biodiversity in the rural landscape. In particular, issues have arisen in regards to the modification of crops with traits that could introgress into sexually compatible wild relatives. In contrast to wheat, barley, potato and maize, Brassica napus (oilseed rape) is the only commercial crop grown in Ireland at present with the potential to successfully transfer its DNA, via pollen-mediated gene flow, into inter-related weed species. This review details the species in question and by examining the relevant literature that relates to Irish agronomic conditions, demonstrates that gene flow is likely to occur, especially to an earlier used cultivar, Brassica rapa. However, the critical factor remains not that GM traits will flow from the commercial source but what might the consequences of said gene flow events be. This review indicates that the conferred trait in question (in this case, herbicide tolerance) can only impact on weed diversity in the presence of selecting herbicide action. In the absence of the herbicide, the GM traits will be lost from the wild species over time and will not confer any selective advantage that could facilitate population growth..

Aono, M. ; Wakiyama, S. ; Nagatsu, M. ; Kaneko, Y. ; Nishizawa, T. ; Nakajima, N. ; Tamaoki, M. ; Kubo, A. ; Saji, H.. 2011. Seeds of a possible natural hybrid between herbicide-resistant Brassica napus and Brassica rapa detected on a riverbank in Japan. GM Crops 2 : 201 - 210.

Transgenic herbicide-resistant varieties of Brassica napus, or oilseed rape, from which canola oil is obtained, are imported into Japan, where this plant is not commercially cultivated to a large extent. This study aimed to examine the distribution of herbicide-resistant B. napus and transgene flow to escaped populations of its closely related species, B. rapa and B. juncea. Samples were collected from 12 areas near major ports through which oilseed rape imports into Japan passed - Kashima, Chiba, Yokohama, Shimizu, Nagoya, Yokkaichi, Sakai-Senboku, Kobe, Uno, Mizushima, Kita-Kyushu, and Hakata - and the presence of glyphosate- and/or glufosinate-resistant B. napus was confirmed in all areas except Yokohama, Sakai-Senboku, Uno, and Kita-Kyushu. The Yokkaichi area was the focus because several herbicide-resistant B. napus plants were detected not only on the roadside where oilseed rape spilled during transportation but also on the riverbanks, where escaped populations of B. rapa and B. juncea grew. Samples of B. napus that were tolerant to both herbicides were detected in four continuous years (2005-2008) in this area, suggesting the possibility of intraspecific transgene flow within the escaped B. napus populations. Moreover, in 2008, seeds of a possible natural hybrid between herbicide-tolerant B. napus (2n=38) and B. rapa (2n=20) were detected; some seedlings derived from the seeds collected at a Yokkaichi site showed glyphosate resistance and had 2n=29 chromosomes. This observation strongly suggests the occurrence of hybridization between herbicide-resistant B. napus and escaped B. rapa and the probability of introgression of a herbicide-resistance gene into related escaped species..

Zhang JunJie ; Liu Fan ; Yao Lei ; Luo Chen ; Zhao Qing ; Huang YuBi. 2011. Vacuum infiltration transformation of non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) with the pinII gene and bioassay for diamondback moth resistance. Plant Biotechnology Reports 5 : 217 - 224.

Non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis) is a popular vegetable in Asian countries. The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), an insect with worldwide distribution, is a main pest of Brassicaceae crops and causes enormous crop losses. Transfer of the anti-insect gene into the plant genome by transgenic technology and subsequent breeding of insect-resistant varieties will be an effective approach to reducing the damage caused by this pest. We have produced transgenic non-heading Chinese cabbage plants expressing the potato proteinase inhibitor II gene (pinII) and tested the pest resistance of these transgenic plants. Non-heading Chinese cabbages grown for 45 days on which buds had formed were used as experimental materials for Agrobacterium-mediated vacuum infiltration transformation. Forty-one resistant plants were selected from 1166 g of seed harvested from the infiltrated plants based on the resistance of the young seedlings to the herbicide Basta. The transgenic traits were further confirmed by the Chlorophenol red test, PCR, and genomic Southern blotting. The results showed that the bar and pinII genes were co-integrated into the resistant plant genome. A bioassay of insect resistance in the second generation of individual lines of the transgenic plants showed that DBM larvae fed on transgenic leaves were severely stunted and had a higher mortality than those fed on the wild-type leaves..

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