Multiple resistant Hirschfeldia incana from Argentina

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

MULTIPLE RESISTANT SHORTPOD MUSTARD
(Hirschfeldia incana)

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Argentina, Buenos Aires province

INTRODUCTION		SHORTPOD MUSTARD
Shortpod Mustard (Hirschfeldia incana) is a dicot weed in the Brassicaceae family. In Argentina this weed first evolved multiple resistance (to 2 herbicide sites of action) in 2016 and infests Wheat. Multiple resistance has evolved to herbicides in the Groups 2 (Legacy B), and Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O). These particular biotypes are known to have resistance to 2,4-D, and metsulfuron-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other herbicides in the Groups 2 (Legacy B), and Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O). The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 14, 2017 )
Common Name	Shortpod Mustard
Species	Hirschfeldia incana
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B) Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
Herbicides	2,4-D, and metsulfuron-methyl
Location	Argentina, Buenos Aires province
Year	2016
Situation(s)	Wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Mario Raul Vigna
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Shortpod Mustard biotype with this Shortpod Mustard biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2, 4 resistant Shortpod Mustard have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of multiple resistant Shortpod Mustard from Argentina please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

MARIO RAUL VIGNA

Investigador Inta (instituto Nacional De Tecnología Agropecuaria) Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bordenave Ruta Prov. 76 km 36.5 Bordenave, 8187, Buenos Aires Argentina Email Mario Raul Vigna Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Argentina have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Mario Raul Vigna for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Shortpod Mustard Globally
(Hirschfeldia incana)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Argentina

2013

Wheat, and Winter barley

metsulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Argentina

2016

Wheat

2,4-D, and metsulfuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Chèvre, A. M. ; Eber, F. ; Jenczewski, É. ; Renard, M. ; Pierre, J. ; Darmency, H. ; Reboud, X.. 2001. Agro-environmental impact of the cultivation of herbicide tolerant genetically modified rapeseed varieties. Comptes rendus de l'Académie d'Agriculture de France 87 : 11 - 20.

Herbicide tolerant (HT) rape (Brassica napus) varieties were selected from spontaneous (triazine resistance) or induced (sulfonylurea) mutations and through gene transfer technology (glufosinate and glyphosate). Since 1995, these varieties have been developed in North America and more recently in Australia. The agronomic and economic benefits of herbicide tolerance were monitored under field conditions in these countries. Before adopting this technology in Europe, there is a need to estimate potential benefits and undesirable impacts of HT varieties under European conditions. The main constraints expected from HT varieties are due to gene flow in or outside cultivated fields from rapeseed volunteers as well as from seed and pollen dispersal, and to potential outcrossing with related species (B. rapa [B. campestris], wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), hoary mustard (Hirschfeldia incana) and wild mustard). Field experiments have been carried out under natural conditions to develop and validate gene flow models. Long term studies need to be focused on large scale field experiments, long distance pollen dispersal in discontinuous designs and on the evolution of spontaneous populations and interspecific hybrids..

Chèvre, A. M. ; Eber, F. ; Renard, M. ; Darmency, H.. 1999. Gene flow from oilseed rape to weeds. : 125 - 130.

Gene flow between transgenic crops and their wild relatives is a key issue for the scientific and public acceptance of genetically modified varieties. The results reported in this paper concern the assessment of F₁ interspecific hybrid production and the analysis of subsequent generations. The subjects of the studies were male-sterile or male-fertile oilseed rape (Brassica napus) cultivars with or without herbicide (glufosinate) tolerance conferred by a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase transgene, and 3 weedy species largely spread in cultivated areas and presenting an overlapping flowering period. These were hoary mustard (Hirschfeldia incana), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). All possible F₁ intergeneric hybrids were obtained except that using wild mustard as the female, but the rates of production depended on the weed and on the conditions of production. Experiments under normal agronomic conditions revealed a very low frequency of hybrids. The F₁ hybrids were vigorous but their low female fertility reduced their fitness. From oilseed rape-wild radish hybrids, the 4 following generations were studied, under optimal conditions. A reduction of the transgene transmission and of the chromosome number was observed, as was an increase in male and female fertility. However, none of the herbicide-tolerant plants had the same chromosome number as the weeds. Complementary experiments and strategies for reducing gene flow are presented and discussed..

Darmency, H. ; Fleury, A.. 1998. Crossing and introgression between Brassica napus and Hirschfeldia incana. : 43 - 44.

Chlorsulfuron-resistant plants of Brassica napus were crossed with Hirschfeldia incana, and spontaneous hybrids were detected in 3.5 out of 1000 seeds. Confirmation of the hybrid status was only possible at the reproductive phase (intermediate dimensions of flowers and absence of fruits). Amphidiploid hybrids represented <1% of all hybrids, and the potential for introgression from amphidiploid hybrids was small..

Lefol, E. ; Fleury, A. ; Darmency, H.. 1996. Gene dispersal from transgenic crops. II. Hybridization between oilseed rape and the wild hoary mustard. Sexual Plant Reproduction 9 : 189 - 196.

The risk of release of genetically modified oilseed rape (Brassica napus) was investigated in relation to interspecific gene flow with hoary mustard (Hirschfeldia incana). Microscopic studies showed polymorphism within the population of hoary mustard for pollen germination on oilseed rape flowers. The transgenic herbicide-resistant and a commercial oilseed rape cultivar were not different for pollen behaviour and ovule fertilization. Pollen tube growth was slow and erratic in interspecific crosses. Fertilization efficiency of oilseed rape and hoary mustard pollen in interspecific crosses was 15% and 1.3%, respectively, of that in intraspecific crosses. This unequal efficiency in reciprocal crosses was confirmed by hybrid seed set in pods. There was no post-zygotic barrier to the development of hybrid embryos in hoary mustard pods. Up to 26 spontaneous hybrids per male sterile oilseed rape plant, and one per hoary mustard plant, were obtained in field experiments. Hybrids were identified by isozyme electrophoresis, morphology and cytology. All hybrids were triploid with 26 chromosomes, and had low fertility. They produced 0.5 seeds per plant after spontaneous backcrossing with hoary mustard. Some of these descendants were produced from unreduced gametes. The results suggest that gene flow is likely to occur, but its actual frequency under crop growing conditions remains to be estimated..

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