<b>HRAC Group 4</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy O) </font> resistant Echinochloa crus-pavonis from Brazil

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 4 (LEGACY O) RESISTANT GULF COCKSPUR
(Echinochloa crus-pavonis)

Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Brazil

INTRODUCTION		GULF COCKSPUR
Gulf Cockspur (Echinochloa crus-pavonis) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Brazil this weed first evolved resistance to Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides in 1999 and infests Rice. Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides are known as Auxin Mimics (Auxin Mimics ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to quinclorac and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Gulf Cockspur
Species	Echinochloa crus-pavonis
Group	Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
Herbicides	quinclorac
Location	Brazil
Year	1999
Situation(s)	Rice
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	José Noldin
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

José Noldin

The resistant weed was found in Tubarao, Santa Catarina

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GENERAL

José Noldin

This biotype was selected in fields intensively cultivated with irrigated rice (one crop per year) after applying quinclorac for several years).

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Gulf Cockspur biotype with this Gulf Cockspur biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 4 resistant Gulf Cockspur have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 4 (Legacy O) resistant Gulf Cockspur from Brazil please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

JOSÉ NOLDIN

Weed Scientist Epagri - Agri. And Extn Inst. For Santa Catarina State Itajai Experiment Station Dept of Agronomy Horticulture PO Box 830915, 362 Plant Science Itajaí, 88301-970, Santa Catarina Brazil Email José Noldin

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Brazil have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to José Noldin for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Gulf Cockspur Globally
(Echinochloa crus-pavonis)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Brazil

1999

Rice

quinclorac

Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Noldin, J. A. ; Eberhardt, D. S. ; Zunino, J. ; Rampelotti, F. T. ; Vieira, J.. 2005. Monitoring and management of herbicide resistant weeds in paddy rice in Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil. : 328 - 337.

The intensive use of herbicides for weed management in Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil, resulted in the selection of weed populations resistant to herbicides. Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schlecht. was the first rice weed reported to be cross-resistant to ALS herbicides, including sulfonylureas, pyrimidinyloxybenzoic and imidazolinones, in Brazil. Nowadays, most of the rice área in Santa Catarina is infested with Sagittaria montevidensis resistant to ALS inhibitor herbicides. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and E. crus-pavonis (H.B.K.) Schultes populations, resistant to quinclorac, were also detected in several fields. Weed resistance monitoring tests also showed Cyperus difformis L. cross-resistant to ALS inhibitors and Fimbristylis miliacea L. Vahl resistant to sulfonylureas. Bentazon and carfentrazone control Sagittaria montevidensis resistant to ALS inhibitor herbicides. Cyperus difformis and Fimbristylis miliacea populations, resistant to ALS inhibitors, can be controlled by bentazon, propanil or triclopyr. Propanil, bispiribac-sodium and ACCase inhibitors effectively control populations of Echinochloa crus-galli and E. crus-pavonis, resistant to quinclorac..

Ruiz-Santaella, J. P. ; Bastida, F. ; Menéndez, J. ; Prado, R. de. 2004. Morphological characterization of populations of six species of Echinochloa with different grades of susceptiblity to cyhalofop-butyl. : 549 - 553.

A cluster analysis of morphological characters did not permit the separation of populations of Echinochloa crus-galli, E. crus-pavonis and E. muricata which were very similar. E. colona was most sensitive to cihalofop-butyl, followed by E. crus-pavonis, E. utilis, E. crus-galli and E. muricata. It was concluded that the differences in sensitivity to herbicides demonstrated the importance of adequate identification of Echinochloa species..

Ruiz-Santaella, J. P. ; Bakkali, Y. ; Fischer, A. J. ; Prado, R. de. 2003. Is it possible to detect Echinochloa spp. tolerance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides using a simple quick tolerance test?. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences 68 : 331 - 334.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the reliability of one quick tolerance test that would enable us, in only 6 days, to quantify tolerance levels of one biotype to one or more herbicides. We evaluated the levels of cyhalofop-butyl tolerance in 5 Echinochloa spp. biotypes: E. muricata, E. crus-galli, E. crus-pavonis, E. oryzicola [E. oryzoides] and E. utilis, with unknown records of herbicide treatment. Moreover, 2 biotypes of E. phyllopogon [E. oryzoides] were tested, one of which is resistant (R) and the other is susceptible to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl [fenoxaprop-P]. Cultivated and wild rice (Oryza sativa) were also evaluated to demonstrate cyhalofop-butyl selectivity profiles. The assays were conducted with Petri dishes where, over the following increasing doses, 50 seeds per biotype and dose were placed in each one: 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 48 and 60 ppm of cyhalofop-butyl and codacide oil adjuvant. Six days later, the following parameters were evaluated: plumule length, root length, germination (%) and fresh weight reduction (%). E. muricata germination was reduced by 50% with a 6 ppm dose. A non-linear relation between dose and germination was observed in the rest of the biotypes. The plumule length permitted the ranking of the biotypes into 3 groups: (1) resistant (E. phyllopogon R) or very tolerant (cultivated and wild O. sativa), those with a reduction of less than 30%; (2) tolerant, between 30 and 60% (E. oryzicola); and (3) susceptible, with a reduction of over 80% (E. muricata, E. crus-galli, E. crus-pavonis, E. utilis and E. phyllopogon S). Only O. sativa and E. phyllopogon R had a minimum reduction of fresh weight (less than 15%). The assays were repeated with whole plants and we assessed the accuracy of this test that indicated the resistance level of one biotype in a quick, reliable and economic way..

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