<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Amaranthus blitum (ssp. oleraceus) from United States, New Jersey

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT LIVID AMARANTH
(Amaranthus blitum (ssp. oleraceus))

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States, New Jersey

INTRODUCTION		LIVID AMARANTH
Livid Amaranth (Amaranthus blitum (ssp. oleraceus)) is a dicot weed in the Amaranthaceae family. In New Jersey this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 1993 and infests Cabbages, Lettuce, and Onions. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to imazethapyr and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Livid Amaranth
Species	Amaranthus blitum (ssp. oleraceus)
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	imazethapyr
Location	United States, New Jersey
Year	1993
Situation(s)	Cabbages, Lettuce, and Onions
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Bradley Majek
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Bradley Majek

Great Meadows, NJ

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GENERAL

Bradley Majek

Resistant to all tested ALS inibitors, including imidazonlinones and SU's. Resistance developed within 3 years of continuous and exclusive use of Pursuit for control.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Livid Amaranth biotype with this Livid Amaranth biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Livid Amaranth have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Livid Amaranth from New Jersey please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

BRADLEY MAJEK

Extension Weed Specialist Rutgers University Department of Plant Biology and Pathology 121 Northville Rd. Bridgeton, 08302, New Jersey United States Email Bradley Majek Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in New Jersey have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Bradley Majek for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Livid Amaranth Globally
(Amaranthus blitum (ssp. oleraceus))

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

France

1981

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Malaysia

1990

Vegetables

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Switzerland

1978

Grapes

simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (New Jersey)

1993

Cabbages, Lettuce, and Onions

imazethapyr

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Costea, M. ; Tardif, F. J.. 2003. The biology of Canadian weeds. 126. Amaranthus albus L., A. blitoides S. Watson and A. blitum L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83 : 1039 - 1066.

A review of biological information is provided for three species of the genus Amaranthus: A. albus, A. blitoides and A. blitum. The last species has been revised taxonomically and a new subspecies for Canada is presented - A. blitum subsp. emarginatus subsp. nov. Amaranthus albus and A. blitoides are native to the USA and introduced to Canada. Both species are annual ruderal and agrestal weeds. During the past 100 years, the two species have spread across most provinces of Canada, but the greatest frequency and abundance have been recorded in Saskatchewan. Originating from Europe, Asia and North Africa, A. blitum was initially considered a non-persistent species. The present study shows that A. blitum especially, subsp. emarginatus, has continued to spread in Québec. The three species are alternate hosts to many insects, nematodes, viruses, bacteria and fungi that affect cultivated plants. In other areas (USA, Europe and Asia), the three species have developed multiple resistance to triazine and acetolactate-synthase-inhibiting herbicides..

Bulcke, R. ; Himme, M. van. 1989. Resistance to herbicides in weeds in Belgium. : 31 - 39.

In this review of herbicide resistant weeds, estimates of occurrence in Belgium and possible control measures are presented. The first triazine-resistant biotypes of weeds were recorded 10 years ago. Resistance, at the chloroplast level, in maize crops is now widespread in Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum and locally occurring in Epilobium ciliatum and Senecio vulgaris. In tree nurseries and fruit plantations chemical weed control measures had to be adapted to control triazine-resistant Poa annua, and has resulted in a rapid shift towards resistant biotypes of S. vulgaris, E. ciliatum and S. nigrum. Amaranthus blitum (in tree nurseries and fruit orchards) and A. bouchonii (in maize and fruit plantations) occur locally in very dense stands where s-triazines are applied but resistance has not yet been detected..

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