INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT LATE WATERGRASS
(Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola))


Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

China, NothEast China
INTRODUCTION LATE WATERGRASS
Late Watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola)) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family.  In China this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 2023 and infests Rice.   Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ).  Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to penoxsulam and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

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QUIK STATS (last updated Mar 12, 2023 )

Common NameLate Watergrass
SpeciesEchinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola)
GroupInhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicidespenoxsulam
LocationChina, NothEast China
Year2023
Situation(s)Rice
Contributors - (Alphabetically)Ian Heap 
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Target-site and metabolic resistance mechanisms to penoxsulam in late watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon) in China.

Author(s) : Gao HaiTao ;  Yu JiaXing ;  Chen JinYi ;  Wang Hao ;  Liang ShaoQi ;  Feng ZhiKe ;  Gu YuCheng ;  Dong LiYao

Author Affiliation : College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.

Author Email : dly@njau.edu.cn Journal article : Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2023 Vol.71 No.46 pp.17742-17751  

Abstract : Echinochloa phyllopogon, a malignant weed in Northeast China's paddy fields, is currently presenting escalating resistance concerns. Our study centered on the HJHL-715 E. phyllopogon population, which showed heightened resistance to penoxsulam, through a whole-plant bioassay. Pretreatment with a P450 inhibitor malathion significantly increased penoxsulam sensitivity in resistant plants. In order to determine the resistance mechanism of the resistant population, we purified the resistant population from individual plants and isolated target-site resistance (TSR) and nontarget-site resistance (NTSR) materials. Pro-197-Thr and Trp-574-Leu mutations in acetolactate synthase (ALS) 1 and ALS2 of the resistant population drove reduced sensitivity of penoxsulam to the target-site ALS, the primary resistance mechanisms. To fully understand the NTSR mechanism, NTSR materials were investigated by using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) combined with a reference genome. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis further supported the enhanced penoxsulam metabolism in NTSR materials. Gene expression data and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validation confirmed 29 overexpressed genes under penoxsulam treatment, with 16 genes concurrently upregulated with quinclorac and metamifop treatment. Overall, our study confirmed coexisting TSR and NTSR mechanisms in E. phyllopogon's resistance to ALS inhibitors. ISSN : 0021-8561 DOI : 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05921

Target-site and metabolic resistance mechanisms to penoxsulam in late watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon) in China.

 

Author(s) : Gao HaiTao ;  Yu JiaXing ;  Chen JinYi ;  Wang Hao ;  Liang ShaoQi ;  Feng ZhiKe ;  Gu YuCheng ;  Dong LiYao

Author Affiliation : College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.

Author Email : dly@njau.edu.cn

Journal article : Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2023 Vol.71 No.46 pp.17742-17751

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Abstract : Echinochloa phyllopogon, a malignant weed in Northeast China's paddy fields, is currently presenting escalating resistance concerns. Our study centered on the HJHL-715 E. phyllopogon population, which showed heightened resistance to penoxsulam, through a whole-plant bioassay. Pretreatment with a P450 inhibitor malathion significantly increased penoxsulam sensitivity in resistant plants. In order to determine the resistance mechanism of the resistant population, we purified the resistant population from individual plants and isolated target-site resistance (TSR) and nontarget-site resistance (NTSR) materials. Pro-197-Thr and Trp-574-Leu mutations in acetolactate synthase (ALS) 1 and ALS2 of the resistant population drove reduced sensitivity of penoxsulam to the target-site ALS, the primary resistance mechanisms. To fully understand the NTSR mechanism, NTSR materials were investigated by using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) combined with a reference genome. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis further supported the enhanced penoxsulam metabolism in NTSR materials. Gene expression data and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validation confirmed 29 overexpressed genes under penoxsulam treatment, with 16 genes concurrently upregulated with quinclorac and metamifop treatment. Overall, our study confirmed coexisting TSR and NTSR mechanisms in E. phyllopogon's resistance to ALS inhibitors.

ISSN : 0021-8561

DOI : 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05921

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Late Watergrass biotype with this Late Watergrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.
 
Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Late Watergrass have not been reported to the site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Late Watergrass from China indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes.  If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Late Watergrass from China please update the database.
 
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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

IAN HEAP
Director
International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds
P.O. Box 1365
Corvallis, 97339, Oregon
United States
Email Ian Heap
Web   : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in China have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Ian Heap for providing detailed information.
Herbicide Resistant Late Watergrass Globally
(Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola))
Herbicide Resistant Late Watergrass Globally
(Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola))
Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column
Herbicide Resistant Late Watergrass Globally
(Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola))
#CountryFirstYearSituationActive IngredientsSite of Action
1 ChinaChina 2023 Rice penoxsulam 9 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
178Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola)Late Watergrass27267
2 FranceFrance 2013 Rice penoxsulam 17 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
178Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola)Late Watergrass9935
3 GreeceGreece 2009 Rice bispyribac-sodium, foramsulfuron, imazamox, nicosulfuron, penoxsulam, and rimsulfuron 19 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
178Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola)Late Watergrass13052
4 PortugalPortugal 2015 Rice penoxsulam 34 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
178Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola)Late Watergrass27294
5 PortugalPortugal 2020 Rice profoxydim 34 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
178Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola)Late Watergrass28268
6 PortugalPortugal 2020 Rice penoxsulam, and profoxydim 34 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
178Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola)Late Watergrass28269
7 South KoreaSouth Korea 2006 Rice azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, bispyribac-sodium, cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, halosulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron, metamifop, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, pyribenzoxim, and pyriminobac-methyl 27 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
178Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola)Late Watergrass5392
8 United States (California) United StatesCalifornia1998 Rice fenoxaprop-ethyl 45 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
178Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola)Late Watergrass283
9 United States (California) United StatesCalifornia1998 Rice thiobencarb/benthiocarb 45 Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors ( HRAC Group 15 (Legacy K3 N)
178Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola)Late Watergrass1035
10 United States (California) United StatesCalifornia2000 Rice cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, molinate, and thiobencarb/benthiocarb 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors ( HRAC Group 15 (Legacy K3 N)
178Echinochloa phyllopogon (=E. oryzicola)Late Watergrass5137
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