International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

Countries Weeds Herbicides Mutations Graphs References Researchers
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Herbicide Resistant Italian Ryegrass Globally
(Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum)
Herbicide Resistant Italian Ryegrass Globally
(Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum)
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Herbicide Resistant Italian Ryegrass Globally
(Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum)
#CountryFirstYearSituationActive IngredientsSite of Action
1 ArgentinaArgentina 2007 Cereals glyphosate 48 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5352
2 ArgentinaArgentina 2009 diclofop-methyl 48 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5586
3 ArgentinaArgentina 2010 Wheat glyphosate, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and pyroxsulam 48 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5599
4 BrazilBrazil 2003 Orchards, and Soybean glyphosate 5 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5205
5 BrazilBrazil 2010 Wheat iodosulfuron-methyl-Na 5 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5546
6 BrazilBrazil 2010 Corn (maize), Soybean, and Wheat clethodim, and glyphosate 5 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5547
7 BrazilBrazil 2016 Wheat clethodim, and iodosulfuron-methyl-Na 5 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass15057
8 BrazilBrazil 2017 Corn (maize), Soybean, and Wheat glyphosate, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and pyroxsulam 5 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass15063
9 Canada (Ontario) CanadaOntario2021 Hazelnut (filbert) glyphosate 7 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass22236
10 ChileChile 1998 Canola, Lupins, and Wheat clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, and haloxyfop-methyl 8 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5105
11 ChileChile 2001 Fruit, and Orchards glyphosate 8 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5096
12 ChileChile 2002 Wheat flucarbazone-Na, glyphosate, glyphosate-trimesium, and iodosulfuron-methyl-Na 8 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5371
13 ChileChile 2005 Canola, Lupins, and Wheat clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, flucarbazone-Na, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, pinoxaden, and tepraloxydim 8 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5424
14 ChileChile 2006 Lupins clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, glyphosate, haloxyfop-methyl, and pinoxaden 8 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5445
15 ChileChile 2007 Spring Barley clethodim, flucarbazone-Na, glyphosate, haloxyfop-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, pinoxaden, and tepraloxydim 8 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5452
16 ChinaChina 2022 Wheat clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, flucarbazone-Na, pinoxaden, and pyroxsulam 9 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass27266
17 DenmarkDenmark 2010 Winter wheat clodinafop-propargyl, florasulam, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam 13 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5676
18 FranceFrance 1993 Wheat diclofop-methyl 17 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass549
19 FranceFrance 2003 Wheat clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, haloxyfop-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, propoxycarbazone-Na, and sethoxydim 17 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass17117
20 FranceFrance 2018 Wheat flufenacet 17 Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass17152
21 IrelandIreland 2021 Wheat cycloxydim, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, pinoxaden, and propaquizafop 81 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass21237
22 ItalyItaly 1995 Alfalfa, and Durum wheat clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, diclofop-methyl, pinoxaden, quizalofop-ethyl, sethoxydim, and tralkoxydim 24 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass8906
23 ItalyItaly 2002 Durum wheat clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, diclofop-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, pinoxaden, sethoxydim, and tralkoxydim 24 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass1134
24 ItalyItaly 2005 Durum wheat iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl 24 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass8907
25 ItalyItaly 2008 Wheat clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, glyphosate, and pinoxaden 24 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass8902
26 ItalyItaly 2012 Wheat glyphosate, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl 24 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass8903
27 JapanJapan 2011 Rice Paddy Levee glyphosate 25 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass7770
28 New ZealandNew Zealand 2012 Grapes glyphosate 30 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass6749
29 New ZealandNew Zealand 2014 Wheat haloxyfop-methyl, and pinoxaden 30 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass18202
30 New ZealandNew Zealand 2015 Grapes amitrole, glufosinate-ammonium, and glyphosate 30 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase (F3/11)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase (H/10)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass14056
31 SpainSpain 2006 Orchards glyphosate 38 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5331
32 SwitzerlandSwitzerland 2011 Orchards glyphosate 41 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass11007
33 SwitzerlandSwitzerland 2018 Sugar beets, and Triticale iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and quizalofop-ethyl 41 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass20226
34 SwitzerlandSwitzerland 2018 Peas chlorotoluron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl 41 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass20227
35 SwitzerlandSwitzerland 2020 Peas, Sugar beets, and Triticale chlorotoluron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and quizalofop-ethyl 41 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass24249
36 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 1990 Canola, Cereals, and Wheat cycloxydim, diclofop-methyl, fluazifop-butyl, pinoxaden, and tralkoxydim 44 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass356
37 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 1990 Wheat isoproturon 44 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5080
38 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 2012 Cereals mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam 44 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass10968
39 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 2018 Wheat flufenacet 44 Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass17153
40 United States (Oregon) United StatesOregon1987 Wheat diclofop-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass320
41 United States (North Carolina) United StatesNorth Carolina1990 Wheat diclofop-methyl, and sethoxydim 45 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass259
42 United States (South Carolina) United StatesSouth Carolina1990 Wheat diclofop-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass268
43 United States (Idaho) United StatesIdaho1991 Canola, Chickpea, Lentils, Peas, and Wheat clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, quizalofop-ethyl, and sethoxydim 45 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass519
44 United States (Virginia) United StatesVirginia1993 Wheat diclofop-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass275
45 United States (Mississippi) United StatesMississippi1995 Roadsides sulfometuron-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass526
46 United States (Georgia) United StatesGeorgia1995 Canola, and Wheat diclofop-methyl, and sethoxydim 45 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass543
47 United States (Arkansas) United StatesArkansas1995 Wheat chlorsulfuron, diclofop-methyl, and fenoxaprop-ethyl 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass1097
48 United States (Maryland) United StatesMaryland1998 Wheat diclofop-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass1084
49 United States (Arkansas) United StatesArkansas2003 Wheat chlorsulfuron, imazamox, mesosulfuron-methyl, and sulfometuron-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5399
50 United States (Oregon) United StatesOregon2004 Orchards glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5249
51 United States (Kentucky) United StatesKentucky2004 Wheat diclofop-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass7877
52 United States (Idaho) United StatesIdaho2005 Canola, Chickpea, Lentils, Peas, and Wheat clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, flufenacet, quizalofop-ethyl, and triasulfuron 45 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5280
53 United States (Mississippi) United StatesMississippi2005 Cotton, and Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5309
54 United States (Arkansas) United StatesArkansas2005 Wheat clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, and pinoxaden 45 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5409
55 United States (Tennessee) United StatesTennessee2006 Winter wheat diclofop-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5316
56 United States (North Carolina) United StatesNorth Carolina2007 Wheat mesosulfuron-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass7818
57 United States (North Carolina) United StatesNorth Carolina2007 Wheat diclofop-methyl, imazamox, mesosulfuron-methyl, pinoxaden, and pyroxsulam 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass7856
58 United States (Arkansas) United StatesArkansas2008 Wheat glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5401
59 United States (California) United StatesCalifornia2008 Orchards, and Roadsides glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5698
60 United States (Georgia) United StatesGeorgia2009 Wheat diclofop-methyl, and mesosulfuron-methyl 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5500
61 United States (North Carolina) United StatesNorth Carolina2009 Corn (maize), Cotton, and Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass7811
62 United States (Oregon) United StatesOregon2010 Orchards glufosinate-ammonium, and glyphosate 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase (H/10)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5564
63 United States (South Carolina) United StatesSouth Carolina2010 Wheat diclofop-methyl, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass7782
64 United States (Delaware) United StatesDelaware2012 Wheat mesosulfuron-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass5709
65 United States (Tennessee) United StatesTennessee2012 Corn (maize) glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass6753
66 United States (Missouri) United StatesMissouri2013 Corn (maize), Soybean, and Wheat mesosulfuron-methyl, and pinoxaden 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass7809
67 United States (Kentucky) United StatesKentucky2013 Wheat mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass7891
68 United States (Louisiana) United StatesLouisiana2014 Corn (maize), Cotton, and Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass8898
69 United States (California) United StatesCalifornia2015 Grapes, and Orchards glufosinate-ammonium 45 Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase (H/10)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass13044
70 United States (California) United StatesCalifornia2015 Alfalfa, Grapes, and Orchards glyphosate, paraquat, and sethoxydim 45 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
PS I Electron Diversion (D/22)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass15066
71 United States (California) United StatesCalifornia2016 Alfalfa, and Orchards clethodim, cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-butyl, glyphosate, imazamox, mesosulfuron-methyl, paraquat, and sethoxydim 45 Multiple Resistance: 4 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PS I Electron Diversion (D/22)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass17104
72 United States (Oklahoma) United StatesOklahoma2017 Wheat pinoxaden 45 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass18167
73 United States (Oregon) United StatesOregon2018 Wheat flufenacet 45 Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass17151
74 United States (Washington) United StatesWashington2018 Wheat flufenacet 45 Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass17154
75 United States (North Carolina) United StatesNorth Carolina2022 Soybean, and Winter wheat clethodim, glyphosate, nicosulfuron, and paraquat 45 Multiple Resistance: 4 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (A/1)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PS I Electron Diversion (D/22)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
110Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorumItalian Ryegrass24251
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