<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Chenopodium ficifolium from Switzerland

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT FIGLEAVED GOOSEFOOT
(Chenopodium ficifolium)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Switzerland, Valais

INTRODUCTION		FIGLEAVED GOOSEFOOT
Figleaved Goosefoot (Chenopodium ficifolium) is a dicot weed in the Chenopodiaceae family. In Switzerland this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1986 and infests Vegetables. Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to simazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Figleaved Goosefoot
Species	Chenopodium ficifolium
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	simazine
Location	Switzerland, Valais
Year	1986
Situation(s)	Vegetables
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Jean Mayor
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Jean Mayor

State of Valais.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Figleaved Goosefoot biotype with this Figleaved Goosefoot biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Figleaved Goosefoot have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Figleaved Goosefoot from Switzerland please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

JEAN MAYOR

St. Federal De Recherches, Agronomy De Changins Service De Malherbologie Weed Mgmt Program Lead - Horticulture 120 Main St, PO Box 400 Nyon, CH-1260 Switzerland

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Switzerland have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Jean Mayor for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Figleaved Goosefoot Globally
(Chenopodium ficifolium)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Germany

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Switzerland

1986

Vegetables

simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Räder, T. ; Schulte, M. ; Steinheuer, M. ; Stuke, F.. 2010. Actual occurrence of weed biotypes in maize - effective weed control demonstrated on 200 monitoring fields in Germany and Austria. Julius-Kühn-Archiv : .

During 2008 and 2009, a study was conducted in 200 locations in Germany and Austria to monitor the frequency of occurence of various weeds and weed species and to evaluate the efficiency of herbicide treatments. The 10 most common weeds observed include goosefoot (Syngonium podophyllum), chickweed, black bindweed (Polygonum convolvulus), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), chamomile types, field pansy (Viola arvensis) and dead nettle (Lamium spp.). The sole use of terbuthylazine proved to be effective for the control of some weed species e.g. Matricaria spp., Polygonum spp., and Chenopodium spp. The genetic resistance of some weed species e.g. Chenopodium album, Chenopodium ficifolium, Matricaria chamomilla [Chamomilla recutita], Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum convolvulus, Solanum nigrum to herbicides were also studied..

Kees, H. ; Lutz, A.. 1991. The problem of triazine resistance in annual weeds in maize and horticultural crops. Gesunde Pflanzen 43 : 216 - 220.

Resistance among annuals to triazines has increased in Bavaria since 1985. Incidences of resistance were observed on >60% of the maize sites during 1988. Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum, Amaranthus retroflexus, C. ficifolium, Galinsoga ciliata and Senecio vulgaris were all affected in S. Bavaria, with C. ficifolium and S. vulgaris showing particular resistance in maize and horticultural crops. The problem of controlling triazine-resistant weeds in potatoes, sugarbeet, and strawberries by photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides is discussed. In several years' trials the use of alternative herbicides and cultural control did not result in rapid changes in the level of resistance shown by G. ciliata, A. retroflexus and S. nigrum..

Oorschot, J. L. P. van. 1989. Chloroplastic resistance of weeds to triazines in the Netherlands until 1988. : 41 - 45.

Resistance to triazines, as measured by fluorescence induction patterns of treated leaves, was observed during 1985-87 in 11 weed species. The predominant resistant species in maize were Chenopodium album and Solanum nigrum and in orchards and tree nurseries Senecio vulgaris and Poa annua. Resistant biotypes in maize were further observed among Polygonum persicaria, Galinsoga ciliata, C. ficifolium and P. aviculare. Resistant Epilobium sp. occurred in orchards and tree nurseries. Diagnosis of intact leaves in 1988 identified more locations of these resistant biotypes. Further it showed resistance of P. lapathifolium and probably also of P. convolvulus [Fallopia convolvulus] at some places. There was a slight indication for resistance of the liver moss Marchantia polymorpha in a tree nursery..

Oorschot, J. L. P. van ; Straathof, H. J. M.. 1988. On the occurrence and distribution of chlorplastic resistance of weeds to triazines in the Netherlands. : 267 - 275.

The occurrence of triazine-resistant weeds in the Netherlands was studied using (a) plants grown from seed in soil samples taken at random from maize fields, orchards and tree nuseries and then treated with 5 kg atrazine/ha; (b) plants thought to be resistant collected from the same sites during the growing season. Fluorescence was measured in detached leaves after treatment with 0.1 mmol/litre atraton. Results from 562 soil samples taken in 1985 and 1986 and from fluorescence measurements of leaves from 170 fields in 1987 revealed resistant biotypes in 9 weed species. Chenopodium album and Solanum nigrum were the main resistant species in maize fields, and Senecio vulgaris and Poa annua in orchards and tree nurseries. Of less importance was the incidence of resistant biotypes of Epilobium sp. in orchards and of Polygonum persicaria, Galinsoga ciliata, Chenopodium ficifolium and Polygonum aviculare in maize. The incidence of resistant weeds in the soil samples indicated that 4-6% of the total area of these crops is infested with resistant weeds..

Kees, H.. 1988. The development of triazine-resistant annual weeds in Bavaria and experience with their control. Gesunde Pflanzen 40 : 407 - 412, 414.

The first evidence of weed resistance to triazine herbicides in Bavaria occurred in the period 1975-80 in intensive maize growing areas following continuous treatment with atrazine. Resistance was shown by Stellaria media, Solanum nigrum, Chenopodium album and Galinsoga ciliata, with Atriplex patula and C. ficifolium being largely unaffected. Since 1982 there has been a sharp increase in the areas affected by resistant species which included for the first time Amaranthus retroflexus, Senecio vulgaris and, in isolated instances, C. polyspermum; Polygonum lapathifolium, Fallopia convoluulus, and Epilobium tetragonum also showed resistance. Since 1980, triazine-resistance has also been reported in S. vulgaris, Poa annua, C. album and A. retroflexus in horticultural crops. Control strategies to combat weed resistance are discussed..

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