<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Galinsoga parviflora from France

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT GALLANT SOLDIER
(Galinsoga parviflora)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

France

INTRODUCTION		GALLANT SOLDIER
Gallant Soldier (Galinsoga parviflora) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In France this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 2018 and infests Endive. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to penoxsulam, and rimsulfuron and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated May 13, 2019 )
Common Name	Gallant Soldier
Species	Galinsoga parviflora
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	penoxsulam, and rimsulfuron
Location	France
Year	2018
Situation(s)	Endive
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Christophe Délye
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Gallant Soldier biotype with this Gallant Soldier biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Gallant Soldier have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Gallant Soldier from France please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

CHRISTOPHE DÉLYE

Chargé de Recherches INRA Agroécologie 17 rue de Sully Dijon, F-21000, Burgundy France Email Christophe Délye Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in France have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Christophe Délye for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Gallant Soldier Globally
(Galinsoga parviflora)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

France

2018

Endive

penoxsulam, and rimsulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Baeva, G. ; Nakova, R. ; Bogoeva, I. ; Peneva, T.. 2007. Preliminary studies of resistance of the weed Galinsoga parviflora Gav. to linuron herbicide. Rasteniev'dni Nauki 44 : 222 - 224.

Pot experiments were conducted on linuron-resistant and -susceptible Galinsoga parviflora biotypes. Data were recorded for seed germination, plant height, seed producing plants, and fresh weight of aboveground parts. Linuron decreased the content of plastid pigments in the leaves. There was no change in the correlation between the plastid pigments..

Procópio, S. O. ; Ferreira, E. A. ; Silva, E. A. M. ; Silva, A. A. ; Rufino, R. J. N. ; Santos, J. B.. 2003. Leaf anatomical studies in weed species widely common in Brazil. III - Galinsoga parviflora, Crotalaria incana, Conyza bonariensis and Ipomoea cairica. Planta Daninha 21 : 1 - 9.

The leaf anatomy of the weed species G. parviflora, Crotalaria incana, Conyza bonariensis and I. cairica, widely known in Brazil, was studied to acquire a better understanding of the barriers each species imposes upon herbicide penetration, and to find strategies to overcome these obstacles. The completely expanded leaves from the third to the fifth nodes were collected from spontaneous plants in the field (Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil). Three samples of approximately 1 cm² were taken from the leaves of each species at the central portion and were used in structure and clarification studies as well as in scanning-electron microscope (SEM) observations. All species were found to be amphistomatic. The potential main leaf barriers against herbicide penetration were found to be low stomatal density in the adaxial side in G. parviflora; high epicuticular wax content in Crotalaria incana; and high trichome density, high cuticle thickness in the adaxial side and low stomatal density in the adaxial side in Conyza bonariensis. High cuticle thickness in the adaxial side and low stomatal density in the adaxial side were the possible herbicide barriers observed in the leaves of I. cairica..

Monquero, P. A. ; Christoffoleti, P. J.. 2003. Seed bank dynamics in areas with frequent glyphosate application. Planta Daninha 21 : 63 - 69.

A study was conducted in São Paulo, Brazil to evaluate the influence of glyphosate on the seed bank dynamics of the tolerant weeds Commelina benghalensis, Ipomoea grandifolia and Richardia brasiliensis, and the susceptible weeds Amaranthus hybridus and Galinsoga parviflora. Beginning with an initial density of 100 plants m^-2 of each species, glyphosate was sprayed periodically under post-emergence conditions at the rates of 0, 0.36, 1.44 and 2.88 kg a.e/ha. The seed bank in the soil was estimated through seedling emergence evaluation and physical extraction from the soil. The seed bank of the tolerant species increased specially at lower rates of glyphosate. On the other hand, the seed bank of susceptible species decreased during the experiment even at lower rates. In the last seed bank evaluation, the tolerant weeds presented almost 12 million of seeds/ha, while the susceptible weeds presented approximately 4 million seeds/ha. It was concluded that the intensive use of glyphosate can cause a weed shift in the area, increasing the frequency of tolerant weeds along the years..

Ferreira, L. R. ; Durigan, J. C. ; Churata-Masca, M. G. C. ; Ferreira, F. A. ; Silva, A. A.. 2000. Selectivity and efficacy of the sequential application of oxyfluorfen and ioxynyl-octanoate in direct sowing of onion. Planta Daninha 18 : 39 - 50.

Experiments were conducted from 8 March to 7 October 1996 in Minas Gerais, Brazil to evaluate the efficacy of oxyfluorfen and ioxynil-octanoate [ioxynil] in controlling the weeds infesting direct-sown onion cv. Granex 33. Oxyfluorfen (at 0.048, 0.096, 0.144, 0.240, and 0.192 kg/ha) and ioxynil-octanoate (at 0.125, 0.250, 0.375, 0.625, 0.25 and 0.50 kg/ha) were applied either as single or split applications. Ioxynil-octanoate, applied at rates higher that 0.125 kg/ha at 19 days after sowing (DAS), was less selective to Granex 33 than oxyfluorfen. Split application of oxyfluorfen and ioxynil-octanoate increased the herbicide tolerance of onion plants. Oxyfluorfen at the evaluated rates controlled Galinsoga parviflora and Amaranthus hybridus, but not Lepidium virginicum and Coronopus didymus. Ioxynil-octanoate applied at 0.125 kg/ha at 19 DAS plus two applications of 0.25 kg/ha at 34 and 65 DAS controlled the existing weeds and resulted in bulb production al levels similar to the control. None of the herbicides affected postharvest bulb conservation up to 120 days of storage..

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